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the following is an example of a lesson from the upcoming POP-UP course:


shelters

the comfort of a safe and stable home is one that many of us have grown used to.
sometimes it's easy to forget just how vulnerable humans are until we have no home to go to,
no roof over our head or a place to sleep. whether its through political turbulence, domestic unrest
or natural disasters there are times when temporary shelters are needed. in some cases the solutions
might only need to be for one person leading a nomadic existence, in many instances though,
such shelters must accommodate entire communities who have been displaced from their homes - no easy feat.

the basic objectives of a shelter are to provide protection from natural elements and give their
occupants a sense of safety (which is especially important when they are used in an emergency
aid situation). ventilation, weight, compactness for transportation and strength are also
rudimentary criteria. in some cases these shelters may need to be mobile all the time - say for those
used in a nomadic fashion, in other cases they may stay in one place for months or even years at
a time, so the designer must also consider just how manoeuvrable a design needs to be.

the following examples highlight the various approaches to solving the same basic problems.
each of the examples explore - materials, cost, ease of deployment and building,
mobility and structure in different ways yet each aims to offer the refuge needed to maintain life.


emergency / aid shelters



tensegrity and geodesic shelters
a tensegrity dome is a complex form in which the tensile and compressive members do not
touch each other. it was buckminster fuller's claim that structures based on tensegrity technology
could be used to build domes which could provide environmental control for entire cities.
a geodesic dome structure is a type of structure shaped like a piece of a sphere or a ball.
this structure is comprised of a complex network of triangles that form a roughly spherical surface.
the more complex the network of triangles, the more closely the dome approximates the shape
of a true sphere. the weight of these structures is distributed evenly throughout the series of triangles
in the structure. they enclose the most amount of space with the least amount of material.
since they have less area to lose heat from, they're also very energy-efficient.



u-dome by world shelters
world shelters is a non-profit california based manufacturer serving as a private volunteer
organization. since 1986 they focus on providing low-cost, durable shelters to those in need.
the U-dome adapts the modular geometry of buckminster fuller's geodesic dome. U-domes
have been used for disaster response, portable medical clinics, relief agency centers, temporary
housing, storage, and workshops. the patterns can easily incorporate local materials,
and they are re-usable. more





red cross shelters
the cruz roja peruana and IFRC have collaborated on the project of a 'modulo de alojamientotemporal'
to provide transitional shelters in response to peru's earthquake. 'on august 15, 2007,
a massive earthquake struck the central coast of peru, south of the nation’s capital of lima.
it was peru’s worst earthquake in 37 years. within seconds, homes, hospitals, businesses, roads,
bridges and services were destroyed - affecting more than 650,000 people. the earthquake killed
at least 519 people and destroyed close to 95,000 private houses. most of the damage was
concentrated specifically in the cities of pisco, chincha, and ica. volunteers guided by
the cruz roja peruana adopted as standard the prototype by the IFRC (international federation of red cross)
and used it in the construction of 4,000 shelters so far'. more





kengo kuma umbrella house
made with modified umbrellas, which have zippers along their outer edges are zipped together
to create this modular shelter. each umbrella has two extra 'flap's that hang from its central
segments to allow for different compositions. the zippers are cut slightly longer than the umbrella's
edges so that the excess material can be tied together to seal joints. the inside of the structure
leaves the umbrella mechanisms exposed. more





concrete canvas by peter brewin and will crawford
concrete canvas shelters are rapidly deployable hardened shelters that require only water and
air for construction. there are two variants, CCS25 and CCS54 (with and 54sqm of floor space
respectively). a CCS25 variant can be deployed by 2 people without any training in under an
hour and is ready to use in only 24 hours.



concrete canvas shelters enable a hardened structure from day one of an operation.
they provide impressive environmental protection, security and vastly improved medical capability.
CCS consist of a revolutionary cement based composite fabric (concrete cloth) bonded to the
outer surface of a plastic inner which forms a nissen-hut shaped structure once inflated.

1. deliver
CCS are supplied folded in polyethylene, airtight, water and rot proof sacks within ISPM15
heat treated timber/ply panel crates.

2. inflate
an electric fan is activated which inflates the plastic inner to lift the structure until it is self supporting.
the shelter is then pegged down with ground anchors around the base.

3. hydrate
the ccs is then hydrated by spraying with water. water does not need to be potable but
must not be sewage. sea water may be used.

4. set
the concrete cloth cures in the shape of the inflated inner and 24 hours later the structure
is ready to use. access holes can be cut to allow the installation of services.

concrete canvas website
designboom interview with peter brewin and will crawford CCS

superadobe by nader khalili
nader khalili originally imagined his superadobe structures as a housing concept for the day
when human colonies inhabit the moon. long bags filled with adobe and barbed wire are used
to make the beehive shaped structures. the shelters are easy to build, inexpensive and make
use of local materials making them a good option for long term emergency housing.



the structural design exploits engineering concepts like base-isolation and post-tensioning
while the use of barbed wire adds the tensile element to the traditional earthen structures,
creating earthquake resistance despite the earth’s low shear strength. the aerodynamic
forms resist hurricanes while the sandbags adds flood resistance, and easy construction,
while the earth itself provides insulation and fire-proofing. more

pallet house by i-beam design
the pallet house, by suzan wines and azin valy , was conceived as a transitional shelter
for refugees returning to kosovo. there was a need for a shelter that could transform a
temporary living condition into a permanent home. the shelters are made using the wooden
shipping pallets which are versatile, recyclable, sustainable, easily assembled and inexpensive.
they are readily available in most countries and their transportation cost and weight is
negligible when used to carry shipments of clothing, food, medical supplies or other relief aid.



a basic pallet structure evolves naturally from emergency shelter to permanent house with
the addition of more stable indigenous materials like rubble, stone, earth, mud, plaster
and concrete. the evolution of one 16ft by 16ft shelter into a permanent home requires
approximately 100 palettes nailed or strapped together and lifted into place. tarps draped
over the basic structure or plastic corrugated sheets prevent water penetration until enough debris,
stone, mud, earth, wood, corrugated metal or any other materials from the immediate
surroundings can be gathered to fill the wall cavities and cover the roof. pallets may
be pre-assembled with styrofoam insulation, vapor barrier, plywood or corrugated sheathing
prior to shipping. the pallet house can be built in less than a week for under 3000 USD. more

the cardboard house by stutchbury and pape
conceived as a kit comprising a flat pack of frames, and infill floor and wall panels.
the cardboard house by stutchbury and pape uses minimal fixings: nylon wing nuts,
hand-tightened polyster tape stays and velcro fastenings. two people can assemble it,
given a spare 6 hours. the roof covering is a lightweight material that is as transportable
as the structure. similar to a tent fly, the roof fabric assists in holding down the building,
providing a diffuse light in the day and a glowing box at night. water is collected in
bladders underneath the floor which double as ballast to hold down the lightweight building.
a composting toilet system produces nutrient-rich water for gardening. low-voltage lighting
can be powered using a 12-volt car battery or small photovoltaic cells mounted on the roof framing.
it is made from 85% recycled materials, with all materials being 100% recycleable.
if it was recycled, the house would save 12 cubic metres of landfill, 39 trees and 30,000 litres of water.






the sanctuary by barometrik
the sanctuary a lightweight shelter made of DuPont Tyvek. the entire weight of the shelter is approx.
10-15kg for ease of storage, delivery and relocation. the design has a biodegradable potato
starch wireframe structure which springs into shape from its flat compressed state when unpacked.
the top of the shelter is made of a reflective material for visibility. the bottom of the shelter is
reinforced with a water repellent coating which protects the shelter in up to 20cm of water.
inside is a dry towel, biodegradable sandals, a first aid kit, and a warm blanket. this design
was one of the runners up from design21's shelter competition. you can see more of the entries here.





temporary habitat by studio d
whether by war or natural disaster, when thousands of homeless people need reliable, cheap,
portable shelter, temporary emergency structures may provide simple, easily assembled and
biodegradable solutions. In addition to putting a roof over a person's head, this emergency
shelter provides storage for some personal belongings, some privacy, and a clearly delineated
sense of personal place for each user.

h6 sphere by felix starck
the sphere is composed of nineteen tent units, each of which can accommodate up to three
or four persons. in the center people can socialize with each other and build a sense of community.
the tent's inner layer is breathable while the outer layer consists of hard-wearing canvas,
the stakes are made of fibreglass and plastic. the design is intended to be long-lasting and
can be reused or recycled if necessary.

hexayurt by vinay gupta
the simplest hexayurt can be made by putting six sheets of plywood on their sides in a hexagon,
cutting six more sheets in half diagonally and screwing them all together into a shallow cone.
place the roof on to the wall with a large group of people, then fasten it down with more screws,
paint it and seal it and the shelter is complete.

the basic design can be enhanced with proper windows, doors, room partitions, stove fittings and
other features if need be and insulation and the use of more durable materials could give it a
very long life. hexayurts are public domain with no copyright or patent, meaning anybody
can build as many as they like for free. more

flat pack shelter by andres duany
these composite small cabin style home with a simple frame are fireproof, waterproof,
and moldproof flat-pack temporary house that could easily be shipped. 1000 of these houses
that will be donated to haiti by composite panel manufacturer innovida. more

uber shelter by rafael smith
this solution that aims to meet the needs of emergency response while providing victims
with a highly personal place to live.

the uber shelter is:
1) easily transportable, collapsible and able to be shipped flat.
2) built of recyclable materials and have the ability to be reused.
3) easy to erect and assembled with few or no tools.
4) amenable to infrastructure - it can be used as a basic structure, with the capabilities to upgrade.
5) stackable - to allow for transport via air sea and land.

the aim has been to design a shelter that is compatible with the current system used in refugee camps
and emergencies by organizations such as the UNHCR every camp is different since every situation
is different. in some cases proper design of a camp is not possible because refugees have already
settled on a site. uber has been designed to adapt to different situations, terrains, and climates.
camp needs are addressed in phases. phase one is to meet the basic needs of the people, providing
them with the bare essentials. when there is more time, funding, and personnel, phase two provides
camp residents with more pleasant solutions and conveniences. for example, phase two would include
building an outhouse, rather than having a defecation field or trench. this shelter is delivered in
the same fashion. when the initial crisis occurs, über is shipped as a base unit to meet the initial
need for shelter. when the camp is ready for phase two, a separate upgrade package is shipped
and added into the shelters units to provide conveniences (electricity for light, compact stove
and refrigerator). more

portotipo puertas by cubo arquitectos
this is an emergency shelter concept which can be made entirely of materials can be sourced easily.
the structure is made using pallets and doors + doorframes. with a canvas roof that is placed above
rather than on top of the structure to provide ventilation, however in colder climates it can be
lowered to trap heat. more





recover shelter by matthew malone, amanda goldberg, jennifer metcalf and grant meacham
the shelter can sustain a family of four following a disaster for up to a month and can be entirely
collapsed into two different shapes (either horse-shoe or flat) depending on which is easier to transport.
it is composed of polypropylene, meaning no harmful gases go into the production of the shelter and
it is 100% recyclable after use. set-up takes minutes and only requires one person on deck.

homeless shelters

mobile homeless shelter by paul elkins
a mobile homeless shelter which was designed as part of a competition asking individuals to
meet the demands of the rapidly growing homeless society - a kind of substitute for the grocery
cart situation. elkins wanted his design construction to be a simple, light weight, water tight
insulated box on wheels, built with an area for displaying and selling handmade wares. more







shelter in a cart competition
in 2006 designboom orgainzed a non-profit design competition under the title ‘shelter in a cart’
in which a staggering 4247 designers and / or organizations from 95 countries participated.
homelessness is a complex issue encompassing multiple facets of society.
the theme (and the jury decision) caused much controversy and the here presented 130 variations
on the theme are already widely discussed across many sites. it is no surprise to us that we
received comments suggesting that we were doing something superficial and self-satisfying,
but in answer to that, we say that design is the tool we know best, so we will use it to bring
social discussion to our audience. the massive participation rate made it clear that there is a
growing awareness of the homeless issue.

see the competition winners and shortlisted entries here.

parasite by michael rakowitz
custom built inflatable shelters designed for homeless people that attach to the exterior outtake
vents of a building’s heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. the warm air
leaving the building simultaneously inflates and heats the double membrane structure.
the homeless person never comes into direct contact with the potentially harmful exhaust air,
which circulates through the two layers of polyethylene, warming the shelter via conduction.
built and distributed to over 30 homeless people in boston and cambridge, MA
and new york city. more



exercise
design your own emergency shelter.


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